“Is my child growing normally?” is one of the questions paediatricians hear most often, and it is a completely understandable concern. Children grow at different rates and in different patterns, and it is not always easy to know what is typical. Growth charts exist to answer exactly this question, and knowing how to read them gives parents a much clearer picture of where their child stands. What Is a Growth Chart? A growth chart is a standardised tool used by paediatricians to plot a child’s height, weight, and head circumference against the measurements of thousands of children of the same age and sex. The result is a set of percentile curves that show where your child falls relative to the broader population. A child on the 50th percentile for height is exactly in the middle, taller than half of the children their age and shorter than the other half. A child on the 10th percentile is shorter than 90% of their peers. Neither is automatically a cause for concern; what matters most is the pattern of growth over time, not any single measurement. The charts most widely used in international paediatric practice are the WHO Child Growth Standards for children aged zero to five and the WHO or CDC reference charts for children aged five and above. What Is Considered Normal Growth? Normal growth varies significantly by age. As a general guide: In the first year of life, growth is rapid; most babies triple their birth weight and grow approximately 25cm in length. From age one to two, growth slows to around 10–12cm per year. From age two to puberty, children typically grow 5–7cm per year in a relatively steady pattern. During puberty, a growth spurt occurs earlier in girls (typically ages ten to twelve) and later in boys (typically ages twelve to fourteen). A child who consistently follows their own percentile curve, even if it is the 5th or the 95th, is generally growing normally. What prompts concern is when a child crosses two or more percentile lines downward over time, stops growing for an extended period, or shows a pattern of growth that diverges significantly from expectations. Factors That Influence Your Child’s Height Genetics is the strongest predictor of a child’s final height. A useful calculation for estimating a child’s genetic height potential is mid-parental height: add both parents’ heights together, add 13cm for boys or subtract 13cm for girls, then divide by two. This gives a target range, plus or minus approximately 8.5cm. Nutrition plays a direct role; children who do not receive adequate calories, protein, and key micronutrients, including zinc and calcium, may experience growth faltering. In the UAE, where dietary habits vary widely, nutritional assessment is an important part of any growth evaluation. Sleep is when the majority of growth hormone is released. Consistent, quality sleep is not just important for behaviour and cognition; it is essential for physical growth. Our article on tips for parents to improve children’s sleep quality covers the practical steps that make a real difference. Chronic illness affecting the gut, kidneys, or immune system can impair growth if unmanaged. Hormonal conditions such as growth hormone deficiency or hypothyroidism are less common but important to rule out when growth is a concern. For guidance on thyroid conditions in children, our article on how to know if your child has hypothyroidism is a helpful reference. Short Stature: When to Be Concerned Short stature is defined medically as a height below the 3rd percentile for age and sex, or more than two standard deviations below the mean. Short stature alone is not a diagnosis; it is a finding that requires interpretation in context. The most common causes of short stature are entirely benign: familial short stature (short parents), or constitutional delay of growth and puberty (a pattern where growth and puberty are delayed but ultimately normal, the child is a “late bloomer”). Both are normal variants, not medical conditions. However, short stature warrants investigation when it is accompanied by a slow growth velocity, falls well below the child’s genetic target range, is associated with other symptoms such as fatigue, poor appetite, or swelling, or when a child is significantly shorter than expected based on parental heights. Tall Stature: Is It Ever a Concern? In most cases, a tall child simply has tall parents. Tall stature becomes a medical concern when it is extreme, when growth is accelerating rather than following a steady curve, or when signs of early puberty or other physical changes accompany it. The Role of Regular Paediatric Check-Ups Growth cannot be properly assessed from a single measurement; it requires tracking over time. This is why regular paediatric check-ups are so important from infancy onwards. At each visit, height and weight are plotted on the growth chart, and your paediatrician reviews the trajectory alongside development, nutrition, and overall health. Our Paediatric Health and Wellness service includes routine growth monitoring as a core part of every child’s health review. If you have not yet established a regular check-up routine for your child, our article on the importance of regular paediatrician check-ups for children explains why it matters at every age. For premature babies and high-risk infants, growth monitoring requires additional nuance; corrected age must be used when plotting measurements in the first two years. Our High-Risk Infant Follow-Up Clinic is specifically designed to support these families with specialist growth and developmental monitoring. Conclusion Growth concerns are worth taking seriously, but they are also very often entirely reassuring once properly assessed. A growth chart review with your pediatrician takes minutes and gives you the clarity and confidence every parent deserves.

Witnessing a seizure in your child is one of the most terrifying experiences a parent can face. If it occurs with a high fever, it is most likely a febrile seizure. While this may seem alarming, in most cases, this type of seizure is harmless and leaves no lasting effects. Understanding what a febrile seizure is, how to react in the moment, and when to consult a doctor will help you remain calm and reassured if this happens to your child. What Is a Febrile Seizure? A febrile seizure is a convulsion triggered by a rapid rise in body temperature, typically above 38°C, in a child who does not have epilepsy or any underlying neurological condition. They most commonly occur in children between six months and five years of age, with peak incidence around eighteen months to two years. Febrile seizures are more common than many parents realise; they affect approximately one in twenty-five children. They tend to run in families, so if you or your partner had febrile seizures as a child, your child has a higher chance of experiencing one. Types of Febrile Seizures Simple febrile seizures are the most common type. They last less than fifteen minutes, involve the whole body (the child stiffens and trembles), and do not recur during the same illness. The child may briefly lose consciousness and be drowsy and confused afterward; this is normal and is called the postictal phase. Complex febrile seizures last longer than fifteen minutes, affect only one side or one part of the body, or occur more than once within twenty-four hours. These require immediate medical assessment. What Causes the Fever? The fever itself, not the temperature, is what triggers the seizure. Common causes in children in the UAE include viral upper respiratory infections, ear infections, roseola (a common childhood viral illness), tonsillitis, and the immune response following vaccinations. Staying up to date with your child’s immunisation schedule reduces the frequency of some fever-causing infections. Our childhood vaccination schedule UAE guide is a useful reference for parents. What to Do During a Febrile Seizure The most important thing is to stay as calm as possible. Here is what to do: Do: Place your child on their side in the recovery position on a flat, safe surface. This prevents choking if they vomit. Time the seizure from the moment it begins. Stay with your child throughout. Loosen any tight clothing around their neck. Speak calmly and reassuringly, even if they seem unresponsive. Do not: Do not put anything in your child’s mouth. It is dangerous and unnecessary. Limit your child’s movements. Do not immerse them in a cold bath or apply ice to reduce fever during the attack. Do not give them any medication during the attack. When to Call Emergency Services Call 999 immediately if the seizure lasts longer than five minutes and shows no sign of stopping, if your child does not regain consciousness after the seizure ends, if this is the first seizure your child has ever had, if the seizure affects only one side of the body, if your child has difficulty breathing during or after, or if you are uncertain whether this is a febrile seizure or something else. Even if the seizure resolves on its own, your child should be seen by a paediatrician on the same day for assessment and to identify and treat the underlying cause of the fever. After the Seizure: What to Expect Most children are drowsy and confused for up to an hour after a febrile seizure; this is completely normal. Once they are alert and comfortable, focus on treating the fever with appropriate paracetamol or ibuprofen dosing as advised by your paediatrician, keeping them well hydrated, and monitoring their recovery. For guidance on keeping your child hydrated during illness, our article on the best ways to keep kids hydrated this summer covers practical strategies that apply year-round. Will It Happen Again? Approximately one in three children who have a febrile seizure will have another one during a subsequent fever. The risk is higher if the first seizure occurred before eighteen months of age, if the fever was relatively low at the time of the seizure, or if there is a strong family history. Having recurrent febrile seizures does not mean your child has epilepsy; the two conditions are distinct. Do Febrile Seizures Cause Brain Damage? Simple febrile seizures do not cause brain damage, affect intelligence, or increase the risk of epilepsy in children who were previously healthy. This is one of the most important reassurances a paediatrician can offer parents after a first episode. Research consistently shows that children who experience simple febrile seizures develop entirely normally. Conclusion A febrile seizure is a terrifying experience in the moment, but for most children, it is a single event with no lasting consequences. The key is knowing what to do, knowing when to call for help, and following up promptly with your pediatrician. If your child has had a febrile seizure or you have any concerns about their neurological development, book a paediatric consultation with Dr Olfa Koobar today.

The UAE’s extreme summer temperatures make heat-related illness a genuine and serious risk for children. Temperatures regularly exceed 40°C between June and September, and even well-prepared families can find themselves in a situation where a child is showing signs of heat distress. Knowing the difference between heat exhaustion and heat stroke and knowing exactly what to do can save your child’s life. Why Children Are More Vulnerable Than Adults Children’s bodies are less efficient at regulating temperature than adult bodies. They have a higher surface-area-to-body-mass ratio, sweat less efficiently, and are often too absorbed in play to notice or communicate overheating. Infants and toddlers are the most vulnerable of all; they cannot remove clothing, seek shade, or ask for water on their own. In the UAE, risk situations include prolonged outdoor play during peak heat hours (11 am–4 pm), being left in a parked car even briefly, inadequate fluid intake during outdoor activity, and sporting events held in the heat without adequate shade or rest breaks. Heat Exhaustion: Signs and What to Do Heat exhaustion is the warning stage, serious but manageable if acted upon quickly. Signs of heat exhaustion in children: Heavy sweating despite the heat. Cool, pale, or clammy skin. Weakness, fatigue, or muscle cramps. Headache, dizziness, or nausea. A rapid but weak pulse. The child may feel faint but remains conscious and responsive. What to do: Move the child to a cool, shaded, or air-conditioned environment immediately. Remove excess clothing. Apply cool (not ice-cold) wet cloths to the skin, especially the neck, armpits, and groin. Offer small, frequent sips of cool water or an oral rehydration solution. Do not force fluids if the child is vomiting. Our article on the best ways to keep kids hydrated this summer is a helpful reference for understanding fluid needs during the UAE summer. Monitor the child closely. If symptoms do not begin to improve within 30 minutes, or if the child loses consciousness or stops responding, escalate immediately to emergency services; this is now a potential heat stroke situation. Heat Stroke: Signs and What to Do Heat stroke is a medical emergency. Unlike heat exhaustion, the body’s cooling system has failed. Without immediate action, heat stroke can cause organ damage, brain injury, or death. Signs of heat stroke in children: Body temperature above 39.4°C (103°F) that rises rapidly. Hot, red, dry skin, the child has stopped sweating despite extreme heat. Confusion, disorientation, or unusual behaviour. Rapid, strong pulse. Vomiting. Seizures. Loss of consciousness or unresponsiveness. What to do — call emergency services (999 in the UAE) immediately. While waiting for help, move the child to a cool environment without delay. Begin rapid cooling, apply ice packs or cold wet cloths to the neck, armpits, and groin simultaneously. If available, immerse the child in cool water (not an ice bath for infants). Fan the child continuously. Do not give fluids to an unconscious or semi-conscious child. Do not leave the child alone. Heat stroke requires hospital treatment. Intravenous fluids, monitoring, and in some cases, intensive care may be needed depending on severity. Key Differences at a Glance Heat Exhaustion Heat Stroke Skin Cool, pale, clammy Hot, red, dry Sweating Heavy Absent Consciousness Alert Confused or unconscious Temperature Elevated but below 39.4°C Above 39.4°C, rising fast Action needed Cool and monitor Emergency services immediately Prevention: Protecting Your Child in UAE Summers Prevention is always preferable to emergency response. In the UAE context, the most effective protective measures include keeping children indoors during peak heat hours (11 am–4 pm) from May through September. Ensure children are well-hydrated before, during, and after any outdoor activity. Thirst is a late sign of dehydration. Dress children in light, loose, light-coloured clothing and apply sunscreen. Never leave a child in a parked car, even for a minute. For newborns and very young infants, the risks are especially acute. Our Healthy Newborn Clinic provides comprehensive guidance for new parents on keeping infants safe through the UAE’s extreme seasonal conditions. You may also find our article on how to protect your baby’s skin from the sun a useful companion read for the summer months. For older children involved in sports or outdoor activities, understanding the signs of dehydration early is essential. Our article on signs of dehydration in infants covers the physiological signs to watch for across age groups. When to See a Paediatrician After a Heat-Related Episode Even if a child recovers from heat exhaustion at home, a follow-up paediatric consultation is strongly recommended. Heat-related episodes can cause subtle effects on the kidneys, electrolyte balance, and cardiovascular system that may not be immediately apparent. A Paediatric Health and Wellness review following any significant heat episode gives you the reassurance that recovery is complete. Understanding the difference between heat exhaustion and heat stroke is knowledge every parent in the UAE needs, not just in summer, but year-round. When in doubt, act fast, cool the child, and call for help. Your paediatrician is always there to support you before and after.

Iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional deficiency in young children worldwide, and the United Arab Emirates is no exception. Despite access to quality healthcare and nutrition, many toddlers in Dubai and across the UAE are not getting enough iron for their developing bodies and brains. Here’s what every parent needs to know. What Is Anaemia in Toddlers? Anemia occurs when the blood does not contain enough healthy red blood cells to properly transport oxygen to the body’s tissues. In young children, the most common cause is iron deficiency: the body simply does not have enough iron to produce sufficient hemoglobin. Iron is not just essential for blood health. It plays a direct role in brain development, cognitive function, energy levels, and immune system strength. A toddler who is iron-deficient is not just tired; they may be missing critical developmental building blocks during one of the most sensitive windows of their early life. Why Are Toddlers Particularly at Risk? Toddlers between 12 and 36 months are the most vulnerable age group for iron deficiency anaemia, for several reasons. Growth during this period is rapid, increasing the body’s iron requirements significantly. At the same time, many toddlers are fussy eaters, limiting the variety of iron-rich foods in their diet. Over-reliance on cow’s milk — which is low in iron and can interfere with iron absorption — is another common contributing factor in this age group. In the UAE, dietary patterns vary widely across communities. Certain traditional diets may lack sufficient red meat or iron-fortified cereals, while others may rely heavily on dairy. Premature babies and those with low birth weight are at a higher baseline risk; our High-Risk Infant Follow-Up Clinic is specifically designed to monitor and support these children through their early developmental years. Symptoms of Anaemia in Toddlers Anaemia in toddlers can be insidious and often goes unnoticed because symptoms develop gradually. Here are some common signs to watch for: Pale skin, particularly noticeable around the lips, inside the eyelids, and on the palms. Unusual tiredness or weakness, a toddler who tires quickly, is difficult to wake, or has noticeably lower energy than usual. Reduced appetite and slow weight gain. Irritability or fussiness that seems out of proportion. Delayed development — in more significant cases, iron deficiency can affect cognitive development, attention, and language acquisition. If you have noticed any developmental concerns alongside these physical signs, our Developmental Delays service can provide a thorough assessment. Less commonly, some young children with iron deficiency develop an eating disorder called pica: an irresistible urge to consume non-food substances such as soil, clay, or ice. If you notice this disorder, it is important to speak to your pediatrician promptly. How Is It Diagnosed? Anaemia is confirmed through a simple blood test measuring haemoglobin levels and iron stores. This is one of the reasons routine Paediatric Health and Wellness check-ups are so important — they catch nutritional deficiencies before they cause lasting developmental harm. You can read more about what to expect at your child’s paediatrician appointment to feel prepared. Iron-Rich Foods for UAE Toddlers Dietary adjustment is the first-line approach for mild to moderate iron deficiency. There are two types of dietary iron: haem iron, found in animal products and absorbed most efficiently, and non-haem iron, found in plant sources and absorbed less efficiently but still valuable. Best haem iron sources for toddlers: Lean red meat (lamb, beef), chicken and turkey (especially dark meat), fish and sardines, and eggs. Best non-haem iron sources for toddlers: lentils, chickpeas and beans (foods widely consumed in the UAE and in regional cuisine), tofu, dark leafy green vegetables such as spinach, iron-fortified cereals and bread, dried fruits such as apricots and raisins. A key tip for absorption: Pairing non-haem iron foods with a source of vitamin C significantly improves absorption. Squeeze lemon over lentils, serve spinach with tomato, or offer a small glass of diluted orange juice with an iron-rich meal. Conversely, avoid serving iron-rich foods alongside large amounts of dairy, as calcium competes with iron for absorption. For practical inspiration on building nutritionally balanced meals into your child’s routine, our healthy lunchbox ideas for school kids and our article on the importance of breakfast for kids are both useful starting points. When Is Supplementation Needed? In moderate to severe cases, or when dietary changes alone are insufficient, your pediatrician may recommend iron supplementation. It is important not to self-prescribe iron supplements for children: excess iron is toxic, and the dosage must be determined by a healthcare professional based on blood tests and your child’s weight. If anaemia is confirmed and linked to broader nutritional or metabolic concerns, our Paediatric Metabolic Syndrome service may also be relevant, depending on the clinical picture. Conclusion Anemia in toddlers is common, treatable, and, if diagnosed early, perfectly manageable. A balanced diet, regular medical checkups, and prompt medical follow-up are all that’s needed to maintain your child’s iron levels at the level necessary for their growth and development.

Screen time is one of the most common concerns raised by parents at paediatric consultations in Dubai and across the UAE. Whether it is a toddler drawn to a tablet or a school-age child glued to a gaming screen, the question is always the same: how much is too much? Here is what the evidence actually says — broken down clearly by age. Why Screen Time Matters for Developing Brains The first five years of life are the period of fastest brain development a child will ever experience. During this window, the brain is building neural pathways for language, attention, emotional regulation, and social understanding. What a child experiences — and what they are exposed to — directly shapes those pathways. Excessive passive screen time during these years has been linked in research to delayed speech and language development, shorter attention spans, disrupted sleep, and reduced opportunities for the physical play and face-to-face interaction that drive healthy development. This does not mean screens are inherently harmful — it means context, content, and limits all matter enormously. Screen Time Guidelines by Age Under 18 Months: Avoid Screens Entirely (Video Calls Excepted) For babies under 18 months, paediatricians recommend avoiding screen use altogether, except for video calls with family members. Infants learn language and social cues through live, responsive human interaction — something a screen cannot replicate. Even background television affects infant attention and parent-child communication. 18–24 Months: High-Quality Content Only, With a Parent Present If you choose to introduce screens at this stage, limit it to high-quality programming and always watch together. This co-viewing is important — it allows you to talk through what your child is seeing and convert a passive experience into an interactive one. Ages 2–5: Maximum One Hour Per Day of Quality Content For toddlers and preschoolers, the recommended limit is no more than one hour per day of educational, age-appropriate content. Co-viewing remains strongly encouraged. At this age, imaginative play, outdoor time, and conversation are far more developmentally valuable than any screen-based activity. Our article on the benefits of outdoor play for kids explains why unstructured physical play is irreplaceable at this stage. Ages 6 and Above: Consistent Limits, Screen-Free Zones From age six onwards, there is no single hour limit — but consistency and boundaries are essential. Paediatricians recommend ensuring screens do not displace sleep, physical activity, homework, or family time. Establishing screen-free times (mealtimes, one hour before bed) and screen-free zones (bedrooms) are the most effective practical strategies. The Impact of Screens on Sleep One of the most direct and well-documented harms of excessive screen time is disrupted sleep — and this affects children of all ages. The blue light emitted by screens suppresses melatonin production, making it harder for children to fall asleep and reducing overall sleep quality. For children in the UAE, where indoor, air-conditioned environments can already reduce natural light exposure, this effect is worth taking seriously. Our guide on tips for parents to improve children’s sleep quality covers practical steps for protecting your child’s sleep routine. What Type of Screen Time Is Less Harmful? Not all screen time is equal. Interactive, educational content — where a child is actively engaged, responding, and learning — is significantly less harmful than passive consumption. Video calls are considered beneficial as they involve real two-way interaction. Fast-paced entertainment content, on the other hand, has the strongest association with attention difficulties in young children. Practical Tips for UAE Parents Managing screen time in the UAE context comes with its own challenges. Long, hot summers, indoor lifestyles, and the widespread availability of devices mean children here can accumulate more screen time than parents realise. A few strategies that work well in practice: Set a family screen schedule and stick to it consistently. Use parental controls to limit access during sleep hours. Replace screen time with activities that serve the same purpose — if your child watches videos to wind down, try audiobooks or calm music instead. Avoid using screens as a reward or a pacifier, as this increases their perceived value in your child’s mind. If you are concerned that your child’s screen habits may already be affecting their speech, attention, or social development, a Paediatric Health and Wellness consultation is the right starting point. Early assessment can identify whether any developmental support is needed and give you a clear, personalised plan to follow. Conclusion Screens are a part of modern life — and a blanket ban is neither realistic nor necessary. What matters is informed, consistent management rooted in your child’s developmental stage. When in doubt, your paediatrician is always the best guide. Book a consultation with Dr Olfa today.

It might seem paradoxical: the UAE is one of the sunniest countries on Earth, yet Vitamin D deficiency is one of the most common nutritional problems I see in children at my Dubai clinic. Study after study in the region confirms it — a significant proportion of children in the UAE have insufficient or deficient Vitamin D levels, regardless of nationality, diet, or age. Understanding why this happens — and what parents can do about it — is one of the most impactful things you can do for your child’s long-term health. Why Is Vitamin D So Important for Children? Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption, which means it is directly responsible for building strong bones and teeth. But its role goes far beyond bone health. Vitamin D supports the immune system, influences mood regulation, aids muscle function, and plays a role in healthy brain development. In newborns and infants, adequate Vitamin D is critical for preventing rickets — a condition causing soft, weakened bones that can lead to skeletal deformities. At my newborn and infant clinic in Dubai, Vitamin D supplementation is one of the first topics I discuss with new parents, because deficiency can begin from the very first weeks of life. Why Are UAE Children So Deficient Despite All That Sunshine? This is the question most parents ask — and it has a clear, evidence-based answer. 1. Avoiding the Sun (For Good Reasons) The UAE’s summer temperatures regularly exceed 45°C. From May to September, most families keep children indoors during peak daylight hours. Even in cooler months, the brief time children spend outdoors — and the protective clothing, hats, and SPF sunscreen they wear — significantly limits the skin’s ability to synthesise Vitamin D. 2. Indoor School and Activity Schedules Most children in Dubai spend the majority of their day indoors — at school, at home, or in air-conditioned malls. Physical education is often held in covered or indoor venues. The result is a generation of children with minimal direct sun exposure. 3. Darker Skin Tones Melanin — the pigment that gives skin its colour — acts as a natural sunblock. Children with darker skin tones require significantly longer sun exposure to produce the same amount of Vitamin D as children with lighter skin. In the UAE’s diverse population, this is a major contributing factor to the high rates of deficiency across many nationalities. 4. Breastfeeding Without Supplementation Breast milk is the ideal food for infants — but it contains very little Vitamin D. Exclusively breastfed babies who do not receive Vitamin D drops are at high risk of deficiency. This is a common and entirely preventable cause of rickets in the UAE. Infant health and wellness checks at my clinic always include guidance on this. 5. Dietary Gaps Few foods naturally contain significant Vitamin D — mainly oily fish (salmon, mackerel, sardines), egg yolks, and fortified dairy products. Many children in the UAE consume diets low in these foods, relying instead on processed options that contain little to no Vitamin D. Warning Signs of Vitamin D Deficiency in Children Many cases of Vitamin D deficiency are silent — children show no obvious symptoms until levels are very low. However, parents should watch for: Frequent infections or a weakened immune system Unexplained bone pain or muscle weakness Delayed walking or motor development in infants Bowed legs or soft skull bones in babies (signs of rickets) Fatigue, irritability, or low mood Poor growth or failure to thrive Dental problems, including delayed tooth eruption If your child shows any of these signs, a simple blood test can confirm Vitamin D levels. I recommend this test as part of routine pediatric health screening in Dubai — especially for children under five, exclusively breastfed infants, and children with limited outdoor time. How to Prevent and Treat Vitamin D Deficiency in the UAE Safe Sun Exposure Encourage short periods of outdoor play in the early morning (before 10 am) or late afternoon (after 4 pm) when UV levels are lower, and heat is more manageable. Even 15–20 minutes of direct sunlight on arms and legs several times a week supports Vitamin D production. Vitamin D Supplementation The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all breastfed infants receive 400 IU of Vitamin D daily from the first days of life. For older children and adolescents, supplementation doses depend on current blood levels, age, and individual risk factors. Never self-prescribe high-dose supplements — excessive Vitamin D can be toxic. Always consult a consultant pediatrician for personalised guidance. Dietary Sources Incorporate Vitamin D-rich foods into your child’s diet: oily fish, eggs, fortified milk, and fortified cereals. While diet alone rarely corrects a deficiency, it helps maintain adequate levels alongside supplementation. Regular Monitoring Children at higher risk — infants, toddlers, children with chronic illness, or those with very limited sun exposure — should have their Vitamin D levels checked annually. At my clinic at Dubai Healthcare City, I include Vitamin D screening as part of comprehensive developmental and wellness check-ups. When to Book an Appointment? If you are unsure whether your child is getting enough Vitamin D — or if you have noticed any of the warning signs above — please do not wait. Vitamin D deficiency is straightforward to diagnose and very treatable when caught early. Untreated, it can affect your child’s bone development, immunity, and long-term health in ways that are much harder to reverse. Book Your Child’s Check-Up.

Many parents in Dubai notice something feels “off” about their child’s behaviour — constant restlessness, difficulty following instructions at school, or emotional outbursts that seem out of proportion. Often, these signs are dismissed as a phase, a personality trait, or a discipline problem. But in some children, these behaviours point to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) — one of the most common yet most misunderstood neurodevelopmental conditions in childhood. As a consultant pediatrician in Dubai, I see children every week whose ADHD went unrecognised for years — sometimes because the signs looked different from what parents expected. What Is ADHD? A Quick Overview ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects a child’s ability to focus, control impulses, and regulate activity levels. It is not caused by bad parenting or too much screen time. It is a brain-based condition that typically appears before the age of 12 and can persist into adulthood if not properly managed. In the UAE, awareness of ADHD is growing — but so is the rate of missed or delayed diagnoses, particularly in girls and in children who do not show the “classic” hyperactive presentation. The Signs Dubai Parents Often Miss 1. Daydreaming Instead of Disrupting When most parents imagine ADHD, they picture a child bouncing off the walls. But ADHD has three main presentations: hyperactive-impulsive, inattentive, and combined. Children with the inattentive type are often quiet and dreamy — they stare out the window, lose track of conversations, and forget homework repeatedly. These children are rarely flagged by teachers as “a problem,” which means they are diagnosed much later. 2. Intense Emotions and Meltdowns Emotional dysregulation is one of the most overlooked symptoms of ADHD. A child who cries intensely over small disappointments, loses their temper quickly, or struggles to recover from frustration may not simply be “sensitive.” In children with ADHD, the brain’s ability to regulate emotional responses is also affected. Dubai parents sometimes seek help for what looks like anxiety or behavioural issues — only to discover ADHD is the root cause. 3. Strong Performance in Some Areas, Failure in Others Does your child seem brilliant at video games or drawing but unable to sit still for homework? This uneven profile — called hyperfocus — is characteristic of ADHD. Children with ADHD can concentrate deeply on activities they find stimulating, which confuses parents and teachers who assume the child is simply “choosing not to try.” 4. Sleep Problems Children with ADHD frequently struggle to fall asleep or maintain a consistent sleep routine. In the UAE, where late family schedules are common, sleep issues can easily be attributed to lifestyle alone. But if your child has difficulty “switching off” their mind at bedtime despite a reasonable routine, it may be worth discussing with a pediatric specialist. 5. Social Struggles and Friendship Difficulties Children with ADHD may interrupt others, struggle to take turns, or miss social cues — leading to rejection from peers. In Dubai’s multicultural environment, these difficulties are sometimes attributed to language or cultural differences rather than a developmental condition. 6. Signs Look Different in Girls Girls with ADHD are significantly underdiagnosed worldwide, including in the UAE. Instead of hyperactivity, girls more commonly show excessive talking, emotional sensitivity, social anxiety, and perfectionism. Many girls are not diagnosed until their teenage years — often after struggling silently through school. What Happens If ADHD Goes Undiagnosed? Unmanaged ADHD does not simply resolve itself. Without appropriate support, children may experience declining academic performance, low self-esteem, anxiety, and social isolation. Early intervention, on the other hand, makes a significant difference. With the right combination of behavioural strategies, school accommodations, parental guidance, and — in some cases — medical management, children with ADHD can thrive. When Should You See a Pediatrician? If you recognise several of these signs in your child, it is worth having a professional evaluation. A diagnosis is not a label — it is a starting point for getting your child the right support. At my clinic in Dubai Healthcare City, I conduct comprehensive developmental and behavioural assessments for children from early childhood through adolescence. I also offer developmental delay evaluations for children who may benefit from early intervention. Book an Appointment today with Dr Olfa Koobar.

Every child is unique — but the forces that shape their growth follow recognisable patterns. As a consultant paediatrician and neonatologist based in Dubai, I have seen how the right knowledge, applied early, can transform a child’s developmental trajectory. Whether you are raising a newborn or navigating the preschool years, understanding the five core factors that influence child development gives you the tools to give your child the strongest possible start. This guide breaks each factor down clearly, with practical guidance for parents across the UAE. 1. Genetics and Biological Factors A child’s genetic blueprint, inherited from both parents, sets the initial parameters for their development. Genes influence physical growth, temperament, cognitive potential, and even predispositions to certain developmental conditions. However, genetics is not destiny. Research in epigenetics consistently shows that environmental factors can switch genes on or off — meaning the conditions in which a child is raised can substantially modify how genetic traits are expressed. This is an important reassurance for parents: a family history of developmental delays or learning differences does not guarantee the same path for your child. Biological factors such as prenatal health also play a significant role. A mother’s nutrition, stress levels, and exposure to toxins during pregnancy all influence the developing brain and body of the unborn child. If you are expecting, our Antenatal Counseling service provides specialist guidance to help protect your baby’s development from the very beginning. You can also read our tips to reduce the risk of birth defects for practical steps you can take during pregnancy. 2. Nutrition and Physical Health The brain grows faster in the first three years of life than at any other point — and it needs the right building blocks to do so. Adequate intake of iron, omega-3 fatty acids, iodine, zinc, and protein directly supports cognitive development, attention span, and language acquisition. In the UAE, where dietary habits vary widely across diverse communities, ensuring children receive nutritionally balanced meals from infancy is a priority that paediatricians frequently address. Vitamin D deficiency, in particular, is common among children in the region due to reduced outdoor exposure during the hotter months — and it has measurable effects on bone development, immunity, and mood regulation. Breastfeeding, where possible, remains the gold standard for infant nutrition during the first six months of life. Beyond infancy, introducing a wide variety of whole foods, limiting ultra-processed snacks and sugary drinks, and monitoring growth milestones at regular check-ups all contribute to building a strong developmental foundation. When a child’s growth or energy levels raise concern, early assessment by a paediatrician can identify nutritional gaps before they become significant problems. 3. Family, Parenting Style, and Emotional Bonds The relationship between a child and their primary caregiver is, arguably, the single most influential factor in early development. Secure attachment — formed when caregivers respond consistently and warmly to a child’s needs — builds the emotional foundation from which all other development flows. Children who develop secure attachments in infancy are better equipped to regulate their emotions, form healthy peer relationships, cope with stress, and approach new learning experiences with confidence. They carry these advantages into school, adolescence, and adult life. Parenting style matters too. Authoritative parenting — characterised by warmth, clear and consistent boundaries, and open communication — is consistently associated with better developmental outcomes compared to both permissive and overly authoritarian approaches. This does not mean perfect parenting. It means being present, responsive, and willing to repair the relationship when things go wrong. For families in Dubai and across the UAE, where many parents are balancing demanding careers, cultural expectations, and the pressures of expatriate life, finding this balance is not always straightforward. Small, consistent practices — such as dedicated screen-free time, shared mealtimes, and bedtime routines — make a significant and measurable difference to a child’s sense of security over time. 4. Social Interactions and Peer Relationships Children learn an enormous amount from other children. Play-based social interaction is not merely recreation — it is the context in which children practise language, test emotional boundaries, develop empathy, and learn to manage conflict constructively. Positive social experiences also reinforce self-esteem and identity. Conversely, persistent social difficulties — such as withdrawal, anxiety in group settings, trouble reading social cues, or patterns of aggressive behaviour — should not simply be attributed to personality. These can be early indicators of developmental differences that respond very well to timely professional support. Speech and language are closely tied to social development. If your child seems to be falling behind in this area, our article on speech delay in toddlers: when to be concerned, walks you through the key signs to watch for. Similarly, if social or behavioural challenges are a concern, understanding what a developmental paediatrician is and what they do can help you decide on the right next step. For children showing signs of social anxiety or clinginess, our guide on how to deal with separation anxiety in children offers targeted advice for parents navigating this common phase. 5. Learning Environments and Early Education The environments in which children spend their time — from the home to the nursery to the classroom — actively shape the neural pathways associated with curiosity, creativity, language, and problem-solving. The quality of the environment matters at least as much as the quantity of time spent in it. High-quality early childhood education, characterised by responsive educators, age-appropriate stimulation, and structured play, consistently predicts stronger academic, social, and emotional outcomes later in life. The first five years are the most critical window, during which the brain forms more than one million new neural connections every second. In the UAE, access to nursery and preschool provision has expanded significantly in recent years, but quality and approach vary widely. Parents should look for environments that prioritise child-led exploration, rich language interactions, emotional safety, and play — not purely academic drilling or screen-based activities. At home, the learning environment matters just as much: books, conversation, creative play, and time spent in nature are

Every parent notices it at some point — a friend’s child the same age is putting sentences together, while yours is still pointing and using sounds. It is one of the most common concerns I hear from parents in Dubai, and one of the most important to address early. Speech delay in toddlers is more common than many parents realize. But “common” does not mean “wait and see.” In my experience, the parents who act early — who come in when they first feel something is off — give their child the best possible chance of catching up fully. This guide explains what is normal, what is not, and exactly when to seek help. What Is Speech Delay? A speech delay means that a child is not reaching the expected stages of communication development for their age. It is important to distinguish between the two types:s Speech delay refers to difficulty with the sounds and words themselves — pronunciation, clarity, and fluency. Language delay refers to difficulty understanding or expressing ideas — even if the sounds are clear. A child can have one, both, or neither. Many children in the UAE grow up in multilingual households — Arabic, English, French, Hindi, Tagalog — and it is completely normal for multilingual children to mix languages or develop slightly later in one language while progressing well overall. This is not a speech delay. What matters is the total number of words and concepts across all languages combined. Speech and Language Milestones by Age Use this as a guide — not a rigid checklist. Every child develops at their own pace, but consistent gaps across multiple areas are worth discussing with your pediatrician. By 12 months Babbles with varied sounds (mama, dada, baba) Responds to their own name Uses gestures — waving, pointing, raising arms to be picked up Understands simple words like “no” and “bye-bye.” By 18 months Says at least 10 words clearly Points to objects or pictures when named Follows simple one-step instructions (“give me the ball”) By 24 months Uses at least 50 words Combines two words (“more milk”, “daddy go”, “no sleep”) Strangers can understand about half of what they say By 3 years Uses short sentences of 3–4 words Strangers can understand most of what they say Asks and answers simple questions Warning Signs That Warrant Immediate Attention Do not wait for the next routine check-up if you notice any of the following: Your child had words and then stopped using them — this regression is a red flag that requires prompt evaluation No babbling by 12 months No single words by 16 months No two-word combinations by 24 months Does not respond to their name consistently Does not make eye contact or point to share an interest in things Seems frustrated when trying to communicate You, as a parent, feel something is not right That last point matters. Parents know their children better than anyone. If your instinct is telling you something is off, trust it and book an appointment. Early assessment costs nothing except time. Delayed assessment can cost your child months of critical development. Why Does Speech Delay Happen? Speech delay has many possible causes, and in most cases, there is no single obvious reason. The most common include: Hearing problems — This is the first thing a pediatrician will check. Even mild, temporary hearing loss from repeated ear infections can significantly impact speech development. If a child cannot hear language clearly, they cannot learn to reproduce it. Developmental conditions — Autism spectrum disorder, global developmental delay, and other neurodevelopmental conditions often present with speech delay as one of their earliest signs. Oral motor difficulties — Some children have difficulty coordinating the muscles used for speech, a condition known as childhood apraxia of speech. Environmental factors — Limited verbal interaction, excessive screen time, or prolonged use of pacifiers can all contribute to delayed speech development. Multilingual exposure — As mentioned, this is normal and generally resolves without intervention. However, it should not be used as a reason to dismiss genuine concerns. Speech Delay in Dubai — What Parents Should Know Dubai’s family demographic is unique. Most households are multilingual, many children attend nurseries from an early age, where the language spoken is different from the language at home, and screen time tends to be higher than global averages due to busy parenting schedules. If you are unsure whether what you are seeing is normal multilingual development or a genuine delay, the right answer is always to get assessed. A pediatric evaluation is quick, non-invasive, and will either reassure you or give your child access to the support they need. What Happens at a Speech Delay Assessment? When you bring your child in for a speech and language concern, the first step is a comprehensive pediatric assessment. This includes: A full developmental history — pregnancy, birth, early milestones A hearing check — to rule out hearing loss as a contributing factor Observation of your child’s communication, play, and interaction Assessment of understanding, not just speaking — a child may be able to follow complex instructions but say very few words, or vice versa. Based on the assessment, your pediatrician will either reassure you that your child is developing within the normal range or refer you to a speech and language therapist (SLT) for a detailed evaluation and therapy plan. In Dubai, speech therapy services are widely available and regulated by the DHA. Early intervention, ideally before the age of three, gives children the best chance of fully catching up before starting school. When Should I See a Pediatrician vs. a Speech Therapist? Start with your pediatrician. A pediatrician is the right first step because speech delay can have underlying medical causes— such as hearing loss, developmental conditions, and neurological factors—that must be identified before therapy begins. Your pediatrician will assess the whole child, not just the speech, and refer you to the right specialist if needed. A speech therapist works directly on communication skills.

As a pediatrician in Dubai, one of the most common questions I receive from parents is: “Is my child’s vaccination up to date?” This guide provides a clear, age-by-age overview of the UAE childhood vaccination schedule for 2026, based on the national program established by the Ministry of Health and Prevention (MOHAP). Why Vaccinations Matter? Vaccines have eliminated or dramatically reduced diseases that once killed thousands of children every year — and the benefits start from the very first dose. Learn more about the benefits of early childhood vaccination. In the UAE, childhood vaccination is mandatory under the National Immunization Program and is provided free at all government health centers. Private clinics in Dubai follow the same MOHAP schedule. Timing matters. Each vaccine is scheduled based on when your child becomes vulnerable to a disease and when their immune system is ready to build the strongest response. Missing or delaying doses leaves a window of vulnerability. UAE Childhood Vaccination Schedule 2026 At Birth BCG — Protects against tuberculosis, particularly TB meningitis in newborns Hepatitis B (1st dose) — Given within 24 hours of birth to prevent mother-to-child transmission At 2 Months Hexavalent vaccine (6-in-1) — 1st dose — Covers Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Polio, Hib, and Hepatitis B in one injection Pneumococcal vaccine (PCV) — 1st dose — Prevents pneumonia, meningitis, and ear infections. Rotavirus — 1st dose (oral drops) — Prevents severe diarrhea and dehydration, especially important in Dubai’s summer heat. At 4 Months Hexavalent — 2nd dose Pneumococcal (PCV) — 2nd dose Rotavirus — 2nd dose At 6 Months Hexavalent — 3rd dose Pneumococcal (PCV) — 3rd dose Rotavirus — 3rd dose At 12 Months MMR (1st dose) — Measles, Mumps, and Rubella. Measles remains highly contagious — especially relevant in Dubai with its large international population. Varicella (1st dose) — Chickenpox Hepatitis A (1st dose) — Important for families who travel internationally At 15–18 Months DTaP booster IPV booster — Polio Hepatitis A (2nd dose) — Completes the series At 4–6 Years (School Entry) MMR — 2nd dose Varicella — 2nd dose DTaP booster At 11–18 Years Tdap booster — Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis Meningococcal vaccine (MCV4) — Bacterial meningitis, added by MOHAP for Grade 11 students HPV vaccine (girls) — Protects against cervical cancer Additional Vaccines Worth Discussing These are not mandatory but recommended: Influenza vaccine (annual) — Recommended for all children over 6 months, especially those with asthma or underlying conditions. Dubai’s flu season runs from November to March. Meningococcal B (MenB) — Covers a strain not included in MCV4, available at private clinics. What If My Child Missed a Vaccine? Do not worry — most vaccines can be given on a catch-up schedule. Partial vaccination is always better than none. Bring whatever records you have to your next appointment, and your pediatrician will build a catch-up plan. Book a Vaccination Consultation in Dubai Whether you are starting your newborn’s immunization journey or need to catch up on missed doses, Dr. Olfa Koobar provides comprehensive pediatric care and vaccination services in Dubai. 📞 Call: 04 248 1000 ✉️ Email: drolfa.k@gmail.com 🕐 Saturday – Thursday, 9:00 AM – 7:00 PM. Book an Appointment.