Asthma is a long-term condition in which the airways become inflamed and narrow, causing symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. In the UAE, dust and sand, viral infections, smoke, air pollution, strong fragrances, and indoor allergens may trigger symptoms. Wheezing doesn’t always mean asthma, especially in babies and toddlers, but repeated or severe wheezing should be evaluated by a pediatrician. Key Takeaways Wheezing is a high-pitched whistling sound caused by narrowed airways. It is often more noticeable when a child breathes out. Many babies and toddlers wheeze during viral infections and do not go on to develop asthma. Asthma is more likely when wheezing keeps returning, occurs at night or during exercise, or is associated with eczema, allergies, or a family history of asthma. Common triggers in the UAE may include dust storms, viral infections, smoke, bukhoor, strong perfumes, indoor dust, mold, and poorly maintained air-conditioning systems. Asthma can usually be controlled with the right medicines, correct inhaler technique, trigger management, and a written asthma action plan. Call 998 immediately if your child is struggling to breathe, cannot speak or feed normally, becomes unusually drowsy, or has blue or grey lips or skin. What Is Wheezing in Children? Wheezing is a whistling or squeaky sound that comes from narrowed airways. It is most often heard when a child breathes out, and it can happen with a cold, an infection, or asthma. Infants may also wheeze with bronchiolitis. Read more about RSV and bronchiolitis in babies. Wheezing or Asthma? How to Tell the Difference Likely a one-off wheeze from a cold More likely asthma Starts with a runny nose or cold Keeps coming back, with or without colds Settles within days Cough or wheeze at night or early morning Child is under 2 and has no allergies Cough or wheeze with exercise, laughing, or crying No family history of asthma or allergies Family history of asthma, eczema, or allergies No clear trigger apart from the infection Symptoms are triggered by dust, smoke, pets, exercise, or cold air This comparison is only a guide. A pediatrician should assess repeated, severe, or unexplained wheezing. Doctors cannot always diagnose asthma in toddlers after a single episode of wheezing. Diagnosis is based on your child’s symptoms, medical and family history, physical examination, and pattern over time. Your pediatrician may also consider how your child responds to prescribed treatment. Do not start or stop asthma medicine without medical advice. Signs and Symptoms of Asthma in Children Wheezing or a whistling sound when breathing A dry cough that is worse at night, early morning, or after play Fast or labored breathing Chest tightness, or a child who says their chest “hurts” or “feels funny” Getting tired quickly during exercise Colds that always “go to the chest” and take weeks to clear Common Asthma Triggers in the UAE Dust and Sand Dust storms and construction dust can inflame the airways. On hazy days, keep windows closed, limit outdoor play, and have your child shower and change clothes after being outside. Autumn Colds and Viral Infections Viral infections are a common trigger of asthma symptoms and flare-ups in children. Colds may spread more easily when school routines resume. Ask your pediatrician which vaccinations are recommended for your child. Annual influenza vaccination may be recommended for children with asthma, depending on their age, health history, and local guidance. See the childhood vaccination schedule in the UAE. Air Conditioning, Dust Mites and Mold Air conditioning does not cause asthma, but dirty filters, damp ducts, and mold can trigger symptoms. Cold, dry air blowing directly on a child can also irritate sensitive airways. Clean AC filters regularly and read our guide to air conditioning and kids’ health in Dubai. Wash bedding weekly in hot water to reduce dust mites. Smoke and Strong Scents Cigarette smoke, shisha smoke, bukhoor, oud, incense, scented candles, and strong perfumes may trigger symptoms in some children. Keep your home and car smoke-free. If burning incense is part of your household routine, keep your child away from the smoke and ventilate the area. Avoid using scents as a substitute for medical treatment or prescribed asthma medicines. Allergies and Eczema Asthma may occur alongside allergies or eczema, particularly in children with a personal or family history of allergic conditions. If you notice a consistent relationship between symptoms and a particular allergen, discuss it with your pediatrician rather than removing foods, pets, or other household items without medical guidance. Read our guides to managing childhood allergies and pediatric eczema in the UAE climate. Exercise and Weather Changes Exercise can trigger coughing or breathing symptoms in some children, particularly when asthma is not well controlled. Children with asthma should generally be encouraged to stay active. Ask your pediatrician whether your child needs a warm-up routine or prescribed reliever medicine before exercise. Follow the child’s written asthma action plan. How Is Asthma Diagnosed in Children? A pediatrician will ask about symptoms, triggers, and family history, listen to your child’s chest, and check how they respond to a reliever inhaler. Breathing tests (spirometry) are usually possible from around 5 to 6 years of age. Allergy tests may be suggested if triggers are unclear. A chest X-ray is not routinely needed unless another cause is suspected. How Is Childhood Asthma Treated? Treatment follows a written asthma action plan from your pediatrician. Reliever inhaler: a fast-acting inhaler (for example, salbutamol) opens the airways during symptoms. In children, it is given with a spacer, and sometimes a mask. Controller (preventer) medicine: a daily low-dose inhaled steroid is used if symptoms are frequent. It calms airway inflammation and reduces attacks. Trigger control: avoiding smoke, dust, and other triggers lowers the need for medicine. Regular review: doses and plans change as your child grows. Your pediatrician will give the exact medicine, dose, and technique for your child. Do not adjust doses yourself. What to Do During an Asthma Attack Stay calm and sit your child upright. Give the reliever inhaler through the

A fever is a body temperature of 38°C (100.4°F) or higher. In a baby under 3 months old, that reading is an emergency and requires same-day medical evaluation. In older babies and children, how your child looks and behaves matters more than the exact number. Key Takeaways Fever means 38°C (100.4°F) or higher. Under 3 months: 38°C or above means go to the emergency department immediately. 3 to 6 months: call your pediatrician the same day. Seek urgent care at 39°C (102.2°F) or higher, or if your baby is unusually sleepy or irritable. Over 6 months: watch behavior, fluids, and how long the fever lasts. Fever itself is not an illness. It is a sign the body is fighting an infection. Call 998 for breathing difficulty, a seizure, blue lips, or a rash that does not fade when pressed. What Temperature Is Considered a Fever? Normal body temperature is around 36.5°C to 37.5°C (97.7°F to 99.5°F). A fever starts at 38°C (100.4°F). A reading between 37.5°C and 37.9°C is a slightly raised temperature, not a true fever. Dangerous Fever Temperature by Age Age Temperature What to do 0 to 3 months 38°C (100.4°F) or higher Go to the emergency department now. Do not give medicine before assessment. 3 to 6 months 38°C or higher Call your pediatrician the same day. 3 to 6 months 39°C (102.2°F) or higher, or unusually drowsy Urgent medical assessment. 6 to 24 months 39°C or higher, or fever longer than 24 hours Call your pediatrician. Over 2 years Fever longer than 3 days, or child looks very unwell Book a pediatric visit. Any age Any red flag (see below) Call 998 or go to the emergency department. These are general guidelines. A child with a chronic condition, a weak immune system, or a history of prematurity should be assessed sooner. If you are unsure, call. Why Babies Under 3 Months Are Different Newborns and young infants cannot fight infection as well as older children. A fever at this age can signal a serious bacterial infection, such as a urinary tract infection, blood infection, or meningitis, even when the baby otherwise looks well. That is why doctors assess every fever in this age group urgently, often with blood and urine tests. How to Take a Baby’s Temperature Accurately Under 3 months: a digital rectal thermometer is the most accurate method. 3 months to 4 years: a digital thermometer in the armpit, ear, or forehead can be used. Confirm a high reading with a second measurement. Over 4 years: an oral digital thermometer works well. Do not rely on touching your child’s forehead. Wait 15 to 20 minutes after a bath, feeding, or heavy bundling before measuring. Red Flags: When to Call 998 or Go to the Emergency Department Seek urgent care if a feverish child has any of these: Difficulty breathing, fast breathing, or ribs pulling in with each breath (see our guide to asthma and wheezing in children) Blue or grey lips or skin A seizure (read our guide to febrile seizures in children) A rash that does not fade when you press a glass against it A stiff neck, severe headache or sensitivity to light A bulging soft spot on a baby’s head Floppiness, unusual sleepiness or difficulty waking Inconsolable crying or a high-pitched cry Repeated vomiting or being unable to keep fluids down Signs of dehydration, such as no wet nappy in 8 hours (see signs of dehydration in infants) How to Care for a Child With a Fever at Home Treat your child’s comfort, not the number on the thermometer. Offer fluids often. Give breast milk, formula, water, or oral rehydration solution in small, frequent amounts. Dress lightly. Avoid heavy blankets and over-bundling. Keep the room comfortable. Use moderate air conditioning without a direct cold draft (see air conditioning and kids’ health in Dubai). Let your child rest. There is no need to force activity or food. Monitor. Recheck the temperature and watch behavior every few hours. Fever Medicine: Safe Use Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or ibuprofen can ease discomfort in distressed children. Follow these rules: Always follow the product label for your child’s weight and age, or ask your pharmacist or pediatrician. Do not give medicine to a baby under 3 months before a doctor has assessed them. Never give aspirin to children. Ibuprofen has a minimum age on the label, so check it before use. Use the measuring device that comes with the medicine, not a kitchen spoon. What Not to Do Do not use cold baths, ice packs, or alcohol rubs. Do not wake a sleeping child just to give fever medicine. Do not give antibiotics without a prescription. Most childhood fevers are viral (see antibiotics in children: when are they really needed?). Common Causes of Fever in Children in Dubai Viral infections: colds, flu, RSV and hand, foot and mouth disease spread quickly once school restarts (see common pediatric infections). Ear, throat and urinary tract infections. Vaccinations: a mild, short-lived fever can follow immunization (see the childhood vaccination schedule in the UAE). Heat illness: after time in the sun or a hot car, a high body temperature may be heat stroke rather than infection. Read about heat exhaustion vs. heat stroke in children and cool your child down while seeking urgent help. How Long Does a Fever Last? Most fevers from viral infections last 2 to 3 days. See a pediatrician if the fever lasts more than 24 hours in a child under 2 years, or more than 3 days in an older child, or if it returns after a day or two of improvement. Frequently Asked Questions What temperature is a fever in a baby? A temperature of 38°C (100.4°F) or higher is a fever in a baby. In an infant under 3 months, this needs urgent medical assessment even if the baby looks well. What fever temperature is dangerous for a child? For babies under 3 months, 38°C or higher is dangerous. For older children, 39°C (102.2°F)

If your newborn’s skin or eyes look slightly yellow in the first few days of life, you’re not alone; it happens to roughly 3 in 5 full-term babies, and even more premature babies. In most cases, it’s harmless and goes away on its own. But because in rare cases high bilirubin levels can affect a baby’s brain, it’s worth knowing exactly what’s normal, what’s not, and when to call your pediatrician. Quick answer: Mild jaundice usually appears on day 2–4 of life, peaks around day 5, and clears up by 1–2 weeks; this is normal and needs no treatment beyond monitoring. Call your pediatrician the same day if jaundice appears within the first 24 hours of life, spreads to your baby’s arms, legs, or the whites of their eyes, or your baby is feeding poorly, unusually sleepy, or hard to wake. What Causes Newborn Jaundice? Jaundice happens when a yellow pigment called bilirubin builds up in your baby’s blood faster than their liver can clear it. Bilirubin is a normal byproduct of red blood cells breaking down; every baby makes it. The difference is that a newborn’s liver is still immature in the first days of life, so it processes bilirubin more slowly than an adult’s liver does. Physiological (Normal) Jaundice vs. Pathological Jaundice Physiological jaundice is the common, harmless type: Appears around day 2–4 of life Peaks around day 5 Clears up on its own within 1–2 weeks Doesn’t need treatment beyond routine monitoring Pathological jaundice is less common and needs medical attention: Appears within the first 24 hours of life Rises very quickly or reaches high levels Lasts longer than 2–3 weeks Is caused by an underlying issue — such as a blood type mismatch with the mother, an infection, or a liver problem Signs and Symptoms to Watch For Jaundice typically starts on the face, then moves down to the chest, tummy, and finally the arms and legs as it becomes more pronounced. It’s harder to see in babies with darker skin tones; checking the gums, inner lips, and the whites of the eyes can help. A simple home check: gently press a finger on your baby’s forehead or nose, then lift it. If the skin looks yellow where you pressed, that’s a sign of jaundice. When to Call Your Pediatrician Right Away Contact your baby’s doctor the same day if you notice: Jaundice appearing in the first 24 hours of life Yellowing spreading to the tummy, arms, or legs Your baby is unusually sleepy or hard to wake Poor feeding or fewer wet/dirty diapers than usual High-pitched or unusual crying Your baby seems floppy or limp Jaundice that is getting worse rather than better after day 5 Jaundice that hasn’t resolved by 2–3 weeks of age Who Is More Likely to Get Jaundice That Needs Treatment? Premature babies (born before 37 weeks) Babies with a blood type different from their mother’s Babies who had a sibling treated for jaundice Babies who aren’t feeding well in the first few days Babies of East Asian or Mediterranean descent (higher genetic risk factors) According to Nemours KidsHealth, all newborns should be checked for jaundice before leaving the hospital and again at their first pediatric visit, typically within 3–5 days of birth. How Is Jaundice Treated? Most babies need no treatment at all, just monitoring and frequent feeding, which helps the body clear bilirubin faster. If levels are high enough to need treatment, options include: Phototherapy — special blue light that helps break down bilirubin so it can be excreted (the most common treatment) Increased feeding frequency — to encourage bilirubin to pass out through bowel movements Rarely, an exchange transfusion — for very high bilirubin levels that don’t respond to other treatment Breastfeeding and Jaundice Breastfeeding doesn’t cause jaundice, but two related patterns can occur: Breastfeeding jaundice — happens when a baby isn’t yet feeding often or effectively enough in the first few days, so bilirubin isn’t cleared as quickly. The fix is usually more frequent, well-supported feeding, not stopping breastfeeding. Breast milk jaundice — a longer-lasting, usually harmless type linked to substances in breast milk, that can persist for several weeks in an otherwise healthy, well-feeding baby Related Reading Tips for Caring for Your Newborn After Birth Newborn Care Essentials: Breastfeeding Basics Signs of Dehydration in Infants Newborn First Visit With Pediatrician in Dubai The Role of a Neonatologist in Neonatal Care Frequently Asked Questions Is jaundice in newborns normal?  Yes, mild jaundice is very common, affecting around 60% of full-term babies and up to 80% of premature babies. Most cases are harmless and resolve on their own within one to two weeks. How can I tell if my baby’s jaundice is getting worse?  Watch for yellowing spreading from the face down to the chest, tummy, arms, or legs, along with poor feeding, unusual sleepiness, or a weak cry; these signal it’s time to call your pediatrician. Can breastfeeding cause jaundice?  Breastfeeding itself doesn’t cause jaundice, but if a baby isn’t feeding frequently enough in the first days, bilirubin can build up more than usual. More frequent, well-supported feeding usually resolves this. When does newborn jaundice go away?  Physiological (normal) jaundice typically peaks around day 5 and clears up within 1–2 weeks. If it lasts longer than 2–3 weeks, tell your pediatrician. Noticed yellowing in your newborn’s skin or eyes? Book an appointment with Dr. Olfa Koobar for a prompt evaluation.

Almost every child will catch RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) by the time they turn two; for most, it looks like a common cold. But in babies under a year, especially those under six months, RSV can move into the lower airways and become something more serious: bronchiolitis. Knowing the difference between “just a cold” and something that needs urgent care can make a real difference. Quick answer: RSV usually starts like a regular cold: runny nose, mild cough, low fever. Watch closely for the next 3–5 days: if breathing becomes fast, labored, or wheezy, if your baby is feeding poorly, or if you notice pauses in breathing, seek medical care right away. Babies under 6 months, premature babies, and those with heart or lung conditions are at the highest risk of complications. What Is RSV, and How Is It Different From Bronchiolitis? RSV is the virus. Bronchiolitis is what can happen because of that virus — inflammation and swelling of the tiny airways (bronchioles) in the lungs. RSV is by far the most common cause of bronchiolitis in babies under 2 years old. Not every baby with RSV develops bronchiolitis, but when they do, it’s the reason RSV can turn from “sounds like a cold” into a hospital visit. Early Symptoms of RSV RSV symptoms usually appear gradually, often starting mild and changing over a few days: Runny or congested nose Mild, dry cough Low-grade fever Decreased appetite or feeding less Sneezing In babies younger than 6 months, RSV can look different; sometimes the only early signs are irritability, decreased activity, poor feeding, or short pauses in breathing (apnea), without an obvious cough or fever. Warning Signs That Mean It’s Progressing to Bronchiolitis Watch closely between days 3–5 of illness; this is when RSV most often progresses in babies. Contact your pediatrician or seek urgent care if you notice: Fast or labored breathing — breathing that looks like real work, not just a stuffy nose Wheezing — a whistling sound when breathing out Chest retractions — the skin pulling in around the ribs or collarbone with each breath Nasal flaring — nostrils widening with each breath Grunting at the end of each breath Bluish tint to lips, tongue, or skin (cyanosis) — this needs emergency care immediately Pauses in breathing lasting more than 10–15 seconds Poor feeding or fewer wet diapers (signs of dehydration) Unusual lethargy — very hard to wake, or not responding normally If you see any of the last four, don’t wait — go to the ER. Who Is Most at Risk? RSV is more likely to become serious in: Babies younger than 6 months Premature babies Babies with congenital heart or chronic lung disease Babies with weakened immune systems How Is RSV Treated? There’s no specific antiviral medicine for most babies with RSV; treatment focuses on supporting your baby through it: Keep your baby well-hydrated with frequent, smaller feeds Use saline drops and gentle suctioning to clear a stuffy nose, especially before feeds A cool-mist humidifier can help with congestion Fever reducers appropriate for your baby’s age, if advised by your pediatrician In more severe cases, hospital care may include oxygen support, IV fluids, or monitoring Can RSV Be Prevented? Yes, this has changed significantly in recent years. According to the CDC, there are now two ways to protect infants from severe RSV: a maternal RSV vaccine given during weeks 32–36 of pregnancy, or an RSV antibody injection given directly to babies under 8 months old during RSV season. Ask your pediatrician which option is right for your baby. Everyday prevention still matters too: Frequent handwashing, especially before handling your baby Keeping your baby away from visibly sick people Avoiding crowded indoor spaces during peak respiratory-virus season where possible When to Call Your Pediatrician vs. When to Go to the ER Situation What to do Runny nose, mild cough, feeding normally Monitor at home, call your pediatrician if not improving in a few days Fast/labored breathing, wheezing, poor feeding Call your pediatrician the same day Bluish lips/skin, pauses in breathing, unresponsive Go to the ER immediately Related Reading Febrile Seizures in Children: A Parent’s Complete Guide Signs of Dehydration in Infants The Importance of Healthy Sleep Habits for Newborns Childhood Vaccination Schedule in the UAE: 2026 Guide Frequently Asked Questions Is RSV dangerous for all babies? No — most babies recover from RSV at home within a week or two, similar to a cold. It’s most likely to become serious in babies under 6 months, premature babies, and those with underlying heart or lung conditions. How long is RSV contagious? Most people are contagious for about a week, though infants and those with weakened immune systems can spread the virus for up to 3–4 weeks. Is there a vaccine for RSV? Yes. A maternal RSV vaccine can be given during pregnancy, and an antibody injection is available for infants — ask your pediatrician which is right for your baby. When should I take my baby to the ER for RSV? Go immediately if you notice bluish lips or skin, pauses in breathing, severe difficulty breathing, or if your baby is unusually difficult to wake. Concerned your baby might have RSV or bronchiolitis symptoms? Book an appointment with Dr. Olfa Koobar for a same-day evaluation.

The weeks before school starts in the UAE move fast. Uniforms, stationery, new backpacks, and school fees all compete for attention, and in the rush, children’s health preparation often gets left to the last minute. But the start of a new school year is one of the most important times to ensure your child is physically ready for the demands ahead. A new classroom means new friendships, new routines, and inevitably new exposure to the viruses and bacteria that circulate wherever children gather in groups. Getting ahead of this with a focused health check before term begins is one of the most practical things a parent can do. Here is what to prioritise. 1. Book a Pre-School Paediatric Check-Up The single most valuable thing you can do before the school year begins is schedule a well-child visit with your paediatrician. A back-to-school check-up is an opportunity to review your child’s growth, vision, hearing, and development; update any outstanding vaccinations; address any health concerns that emerged over the summer; and get a clear picture of whether your child is starting the year in good health. Many families in Dubai skip routine check-ups when their child seems well, but asymptomatic conditions such as anaemia, borderline hearing difficulties, or early vision problems are often only caught at these reviews. Our article on the importance of regular paediatrician check-ups for children explains in detail what these visits cover and why they matter even for apparently healthy children. 2. Check and Update Vaccinations School environments are among the highest-risk settings for the spread of vaccine-preventable illnesses. Before the school year starts, review your child’s vaccination record and confirm they are up to date with all age-appropriate immunisations. In the UAE, several vaccinations are required for school entry, and some schools request an updated immunisation card at registration. Key vaccines to confirm include MMR (measles, mumps, rubella), varicella (chickenpox), hepatitis A and B, meningococcal vaccine for older children, and the annual influenza vaccine, which is especially recommended for school-age children given how rapidly flu spreads in classroom settings. Our UAE 2026 childhood vaccination schedule guide is the most practical reference for parents confirming which vaccines are due at each age. If your child has missed any doses over the summer, a catch-up appointment with your paediatrician is straightforward to arrange. 3. Address Any Developmental or Learning Concerns The start of a new school year, particularly for children entering Foundation Stage, Year 1, or transitioning to a new level, is the right moment to address any developmental concerns before they become classroom difficulties. If your child struggled with speech, reading, writing, attention, or social interaction last year, early assessment before term begins gives schools time to put appropriate support in place from day one. Waiting until problems become visible to teachers costs valuable months. Our Developmental Delays service provides thorough assessments for children of all ages, and our articles on signs of developmental delay in children, what a developmental paediatrician is, and what they do are helpful starting points if you are unsure whether a formal assessment is needed. 4. Sort Nutrition and the School Lunchbox After a summer of more relaxed eating, returning to a structured school day means thinking carefully about what your child eats during school hours. A well-balanced lunchbox supports concentration, energy, and mood throughout the afternoon, and the difference between a child who can focus after lunch and one who cannot is often simply what they ate. Aim for a combination of complex carbohydrates for sustained energy, a quality protein source, healthy fats, and fresh fruit or vegetables. Avoid ultra-processed snacks, sugary drinks, and high-sugar items that cause energy spikes and crashes during the school day something we cover in detail in our article on how sugar affects your child’s behavior. Our article on healthy lunchbox ideas for school kids offers practical, UAE-friendly ideas that are easy to prepare and genuinely nutritious. And since the school day starts early, do not underestimate breakfast; our article on the importance of breakfast for kids explains why it is the one meal that should never be skipped. 5. Re-establish a Sleep Routine Before Term Starts This one consistently catches families off guard. After weeks of later bedtimes and relaxed mornings during the UAE summer, shifting back to a 6 am or 6:30 am school wake-up is a significant adjustment and one that takes the body several days to adapt to. Start moving bedtime and wake-up time earlier by fifteen to twenty minutes every two days in the week before school begins. By the time the first school day arrives, your child’s body clock will have adjusted, and they will start the year rested rather than exhausted. Sleep is not just about energy; it directly affects attention, emotional regulation, memory consolidation, and immune function. A child who is chronically under-slept will struggle academically and socially regardless of how well everything else is in place. Our article on tips for parents to improve children’s sleep quality covers the full practical toolkit for building a strong sleep routine. 6. Prepare for the Inevitable Wave of School Infections The first half-term of every school year brings a predictable wave of upper respiratory infections, stomach bugs, and ear infections as children share germs in new classroom groups. You cannot prevent all of this, and some exposure is actually important for immune development, but you can reduce severity and frequency. Teach and reinforce regular handwashing with soap for at least twenty seconds, particularly before eating and after using the bathroom. Make sure your child stays well-hydrated throughout the school day; a water bottle in the bag every single day is non-negotiable. Our article on the best ways to keep kids hydrated covers hydration strategies that apply throughout the year, not just in summer. Keep your child home when they are genuinely unwell; sending a sick child to school prolongs their own recovery, exposes classmates unnecessarily, and is strongly discouraged by UAE school health policies. If your child develops an ear

Walk into any pharmacy in Dubai, and you will find an entire shelf dedicated to children’s probiotic gummies, drops, powders, and sachets, each promising better digestion, stronger immunity, and a happier gut. For parents, the choice is overwhelming. And the question underneath all of it is a simple one: does my child actually need these? The honest answer is: it depends. Probiotics are not a universal supplement that every child needs. But for specific situations, they are genuinely useful, and the evidence behind them is stronger than many people realise. Here is what you need to know before reaching for that next bottle. What Are Probiotics? Probiotics are live microorganisms, mostly bacteria and some yeasts that, when consumed in adequate amounts, provide a health benefit to the host. They are found naturally in fermented foods such as yoghurt, kefir, labneh, miso, and sauerkraut, and they are also available in concentrated supplement form. The gut microbiome, the vast community of bacteria living in your child’s digestive tract, plays a central role in digestion, immune function, inflammation regulation, and even mood. Probiotics work by supporting and restoring the balance of this community, particularly when it has been disrupted. How Does a Child’s Gut Microbiome Develop? A baby’s microbiome begins forming at birth. Babies born vaginally are exposed to the mother’s vaginal and gut bacteria during delivery, which seeds their own microbiome. Babies born by caesarean section have a different early microbial exposure, which is one reason some pediatricians consider probiotics in the early weeks for this group. Breastfeeding plays a significant role too. Breast milk contains prebiotic compounds that feed beneficial gut bacteria as well as its own live bacteria, contributing directly to microbiome development. Our article on breastfeeding basics for newborns explains the wide-ranging benefits of breastfeeding beyond nutrition alone. By the age of two to three, a child’s microbiome has largely stabilised, though it continues to be shaped by diet, antibiotic use, illness, stress, and environment throughout childhood and beyond. When Do Probiotics Actually Help Children? This is where the evidence becomes specific, and specificity matters, because not all probiotics are equal, and not all children need them. After a course of antibiotics. Antibiotics do not distinguish between harmful bacteria and the beneficial bacteria in your child’s gut; they reduce both. This is the most well-supported use case for children’s probiotics. Strains such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Saccharomyces boulardii have good evidence for reducing antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and helping restore gut balance after treatment. If your child has recently completed a course of antibiotics, probiotics are worth discussing with your pediatrician. Acute gastroenteritis. Several high-quality studies support the use of specific probiotic strains to shorten the duration of infectious diarrhoea in children. Again, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG is the most studied strain in this context. The effect is modest but clinically meaningful, typically reducing illness duration by around one day. Colic in infants. Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 has been studied specifically in breastfed infants with colic and has shown promising results in reducing crying time. The evidence is stronger for breastfed infants than formula-fed ones, and results vary between studies, but it is a reasonable option to discuss with your pediatrician if colic is a significant concern. The broader topic of newborn comfort and settling is covered in our article on 11 things to know about newborns. Eczema prevention in high-risk infants. There is emerging evidence that probiotic supplementation during pregnancy and in early infancy may reduce the risk of eczema in children with a family history of allergic conditions. This is an evolving area of research; speak to your pediatrician about whether this is relevant for your child. If eczema is already present, our article on paediatric eczema: triggers and management in the UAE climate is a useful resource. Functional constipation. Some studies suggest probiotics, particularly Lactobacillus reuteri, may help with functional constipation in children, improving stool frequency and consistency. Evidence is still accumulating, but it is worth raising with your pediatrician if constipation is an ongoing concern. When Are Probiotics Not Necessary? A healthy child eating a varied diet with adequate fibre, fermented foods, and minimal ultra-processed food does not need a probiotic supplement. The gut microbiome is remarkably self-regulating in children who are well-nourished and not exposed to frequent antibiotic courses. Probiotics are also not a substitute for addressing underlying dietary or health issues. If your child has persistent digestive problems, recurrent infections, or significant food intolerances, the right first step is a thorough paediatric assessment, not a probiotic. Our Paediatric Health and Wellness service includes nutritional assessment and gut health guidance as part of a comprehensive child health review. Are Probiotics Safe for Children? For healthy children, probiotics have a strong safety record. Side effects are generally mild, and temporary bloating or slight changes in stool pattern in the first few days of use are the most common. Probiotics should be used with caution and only under medical supervision in children who are immunocompromised, have a central venous catheter, or are critically ill. For premature and high-risk infants, probiotic use should always be guided by a specialist. Our High-Risk Infant Follow-Up Clinic supports families of premature and medically complex babies with exactly this kind of tailored guidance. What About Probiotic-Rich Foods Instead? For most children, getting beneficial bacteria through food is a perfectly effective and far more enjoyable approach than supplements. Foods rich in naturally occurring probiotics include: Plain full-fat yoghurt with live cultures is widely available across the UAE and a great breakfast or snack base. Labneh, which is a staple of regional cuisine and an excellent source of beneficial bacteria. Kefir, which can be introduced from around twelve months. Mild fermented cheeses. Small amounts of miso in soups for older children. Pairing these with prebiotic-rich foods such as bananas, oats, garlic, onions, and legumes feeds the beneficial bacteria already present in the gut and compounds the benefit. Our articles on healthy lunchbox ideas for school kids and the importance of breakfast for kids include

If every mealtime in your home feels like a negotiation, you are not alone. Picky eating is one of the most common concerns I hear from parents at my clinic in Dubai, and it peaks significantly in summer. When children are home for long stretches, routines loosen, and parents suddenly find themselves responsible for every meal of the day instead of relying on the school canteen. The reassuring truth is that most picky eating in young children is completely normal from a developmental standpoint. Between the ages of two and six, children go through a phase called neophobia, a natural wariness of new or unfamiliar foods. It is the brain’s way of being cautious during a period of growing independence. Understanding this is the first step toward approaching mealtimes without anxiety. That said, there is a real difference between typical fussiness and feeding difficulties that affect a child’s growth or nutrition. In this article, I will walk you through what is normal, what warrants attention, and the strategies that genuinely help based on both research and what I see working for families in the UAE. First, Is This Normal Picky Eating? A child who eats a limited range of foods but is growing well, has energy, and is hitting developmental milestones is almost certainly fine. Typical picky eating looks like: Refusing vegetables while accepting fruit Going through phases where they love a food and then suddenly reject it Wanting the same few meals on rotation Separating foods on the plate and refusing them if they touch This is frustrating, but it is not medically concerning in most cases. What warrants a conversation with your pediatrician is a child who is dropping weight or not gaining appropriately, showing extreme gagging or distress at mealtimes, eating fewer than 20 different foods, refusing entire food texture categories, or whose picky eating has remained completely unchanged for more than two years. These patterns can sometimes indicate sensory processing difficulties or a condition called Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID), which is different from ordinary fussiness and responds well to early intervention. The Pressure Trap: Why Forcing Backfires The most common mistake parents make, and the one I understand completely, because it comes from genuine love and worry, is pressuring children to eat. Whether it is “just one more bite,” bargaining with screen time, or sitting at the table until the plate is cleared, pressure at mealtimes consistently makes picky eating worse, not better. Research on the Division of Responsibility in Feeding, developed by dietitian Ellyn Satter, is clear on this: parents are responsible for what food is offered, when it is served, and where the meal happens. Children are responsible for whether they eat and how much. When parents take over the child’s side of that equation, children lose trust in their own hunger signals and become more resistant, not less. This does not mean giving up. It means letting go of the outcome of each meal and focusing on building a positive relationship with food over time. Strategies That Actually Work Expose without pressure. Research consistently shows that children need to be exposed to a new food between 10 and 15 times before they are willing to try it. The keyword is exposed, not forced. Placing a small amount of a refused food on the plate alongside accepted foods, without comment or expectation, is enough. Over weeks, familiarity reduces wariness. Eat together as a family. Children learn by watching. When they sit at a table where adults and siblings are eating a variety of foods with visible enjoyment, they are far more likely to eventually try those foods themselves. Family meals are one of the most underestimated tools in expanding a child’s diet. If the family eats together only occasionally in your household, the summer break is actually the perfect time to establish this habit. Give children some control. Picky eating is often about autonomy as much as taste. Letting your child choose between two acceptable vegetable options, deciding how much of something they want on their plate, or helping select a meal for the week gives them agency without giving them complete control. Children who feel heard at mealtimes are more cooperative. Make food approachable, not dramatic. The way food is presented matters. Many children who refuse a roasted carrot will happily eat a raw carrot cut into sticks with a small dip. A smoothie can carry spinach, avocado, or Greek yoghurt without the child registering anything unusual. A food that is “hidden” is not dishonest; it is a bridge to gradual acceptance. Involve children in food preparation. Children as young as two can wash vegetables, tear lettuce leaves, or stir batter. A child who has participated in preparing food almost always has more curiosity about eating it. Weekend cooking sessions or simple summer projects like growing a herb pot on the balcony can shift a child’s relationship with food in surprisingly meaningful ways. Keep mealtimes calm and time-limited. Mealtimes should last around 20 to 30 minutes. After that, the meal ends without drama and without alternatives. Knowing that the meal will end regardless of how much was eaten removes the power struggle from the table. Hunger at the next meal is not harmful; it is the body working as it should. Avoid using food as a reward. Offering dessert as a reward for eating vegetables (“if you finish your broccoli, you can have ice cream”) actually increases a child’s preference for the reward food and decreases their acceptance of the vegetable. The message it sends is that vegetables are something to be endured, not enjoyed. Dessert can simply be a small, regular part of the meal offered without conditions. Nutrition Gaps to Watch in Picky Eaters While most picky eaters do not have serious nutritional deficiencies, there are a few worth monitoring, particularly in the UAE context. Iron is one of the most common deficiencies in picky toddlers, especially those who rely heavily on milk, bread, and processed snacks. Low iron

Can air conditioning make kids sick? Air conditioning does not cause infections by itself, but long hours of cold, dry air can irritate your child’s nose, throat, ears, and skin, and a dirty AC can worsen allergies and asthma. In Dubai, where families rely on AC for much of the year, many parents notice a dry cough, a blocked nose without fever, dry skin or restless nights. Quite often the cause is the indoor air, not a cold. Air conditioning is a genuine necessity in the UAE, and it is not harmful when it is maintained and balanced. As a paediatrician and neonatologist based in Dubai, I see these patterns often, and most are easy to prevent once you understand what is happening. How AC Affects the Respiratory System in Children Children breathe faster than adults, and their airways are significantly narrower. This makes them more sensitive to changes in air quality and humidity. When air conditioning runs for long hours, it removes moisture from the air along with the heat. Indoor humidity in heavily air-conditioned spaces in Dubai can drop well below 30%, far lower than the 40–60% range that is considered healthy. In this dry environment, the delicate mucous membranes lining your child’s nose and throat can dry out. These membranes act as the body’s first line of defence against airborne bacteria and viruses; when they dry out, that defence weakens. The result is a persistent dry cough, nasal congestion without infection, frequent throat clearing, or a hoarse voice. Parents often describe these symptoms as “a cold that never fully develops.” That is precisely what it is: irritation without infection. However, when the mucous membranes are consistently compromised, the risk of a genuine viral or bacterial infection does increase. Children who spend long hours in heavily air-conditioned environments, such as malls, cars, and sealed apartments, can develop recurring respiratory symptoms throughout the summer months. Children who already have asthma or allergic rhinitis need extra attention during this season. Cold, dry air from AC vents can act as a trigger for bronchospasm and worsen existing allergy symptoms. If your child uses an inhaler, make sure you are consistent with their preventer medication throughout the summer, not just when symptoms flare. The AC–Ear Infection Connection This is something many parents do not realise. Dry indoor air dries out the Eustachian tube, the small passage that connects the middle ear to the back of the throat. When this tube loses its natural moisture, mucus thickens, drainage slows, and pressure builds in the middle ear. This can lead to discomfort, hearing changes, and, in some cases, a middle ear infection (otitis media). If your child is pulling at their ears, seems off-balance, or is complaining of muffled hearing in the summer months without obvious illness, the AC environment could be contributing. You can read more about ear-related issues in children in our detailed guide on glue ear in children. Skin and Eyes: The Overlooked Effects Dry AC air draws moisture from the skin’s surface. In young children and babies, whose skin barrier is naturally thinner, this can lead to dryness, flaking, and worsening of pre-existing skin conditions. If your child has eczema, you may notice flare-ups are more frequent indoors during summer than at any other time of year. The eyes are affected too. Children who spend hours in air-conditioned rooms, especially in front of screens, blink less and experience increased tear evaporation. Dry, red, or itchy eyes in summer are often dismissed as allergies, but the AC environment frequently plays a significant role. For advice on managing sensitive skin in children, our article on protecting and soothing your child’s sensitive skin offers practical tips that are especially relevant in the Dubai summer context. Sleep Disruption and Cold Air at Night Many families keep bedrooms very cold at night, particularly in summer. While a cool room supports better sleep, temperatures set too low, below 20°C, can cause children to breathe through their mouths, dry out their nasal passages, and wake with congestion or a sore throat in the morning. A comfortable bedroom temperature for most children is 22°C to 24°C. A thin cotton blanket helps keep body temperature stable during sleep. Avoid positioning the AC vent so it blows directly onto the bed. For more guidance on healthy sleep environments for children, visit our article on improving children’s sleep quality. Hydration: The Simple Defence One of the most effective ways to counteract the effects of dry AC air is consistent hydration. Children lose more fluid than we realise in air-conditioned environments, and because they are not sweating visibly, they often do not feel thirsty. This is a deceptive form of dehydration, one that gradually affects energy, concentration, and the health of mucous membranes. Encourage your child to drink water regularly throughout the day, even when they say they are not thirsty. Soups, fruits with high water content such as watermelon and cucumber, and diluted juices all contribute. For a full guide on keeping kids hydrated in summer, read our article on the best ways to keep kids hydrated this summer. Practical Steps to Make Your AC Safer for Children Clean the filters regularly. AC filters accumulate dust, mould spores, and bacteria over time. In Dubai, where AC runs almost continuously, filters should be cleaned at least once a month. A dirty filter does not just reduce efficiency; it circulates allergens and bacteria through your home. Use a humidifier. A cool-mist humidifier in your child’s room can restore moisture to the air and significantly reduce dryness-related symptoms. Aim for indoor humidity between 40% and 55%. Clean the humidifier weekly to prevent mould growth. Set the thermostat wisely. There is no need to set the AC below 21°C indoors. A temperature of 22°C to 24°C is comfortable for children and much healthier for their airways and skin. Allow for natural ventilation when possible. In the early morning hours, before the heat peaks, opening windows briefly to allow fresh air circulation helps refresh indoor

Swimming is a cornerstone of summer life in Dubai. Whether it is the building pool, a beach club, or a water park, most children in the UAE spend a significant portion of the summer months in the water. It is excellent exercise, great fun, and an important life skill, but it also comes with a set of health risks that parents should be aware of, particularly around ear infections and pool hygiene. Swimmer’s Ear: The Most Common Swimming-Related Infection Swimmer’s ear, medically known as otitis externa, can be caused by prolonged exposure to water and can cause an infection of the outer ear canal. When water remains trapped in the ear canal, it creates a warm, moist environment in which bacteria multiply rapidly. It is distinct from a middle ear infection (otitis media) and is extremely common among children who swim frequently. Signs of swimmer’s ear include: Pain in the ear that worsens when the earlobe is tugged or the jaw is moved. Itching inside the ear canal. A feeling of fullness or blocked sensation in the ear. Discharge or odour from the ear. In more advanced cases, reduced hearing or swelling around the ear. Swimmer’s ear is not the same as glue ear, though both can affect hearing temporarily. If your child has a history of ear problems, our article on how to treat glue ear in children provides a helpful overview of the distinction. How to Prevent Swimmer’s Ear Prevention is straightforward and highly effective with a few consistent habits: Dry ears after every swim. Tilt your child’s head to each side after swimming and gently dry the outer ear with a soft towel. Do not insert cotton buds into the ear canal this pushes debris deeper and can damage the delicate skin lining. Use well-fitting swim earplugs. For children who swim daily or who have had recurrent ear infections, silicone swim earplugs provide an effective barrier. Ensure they are fitted correctly and cleaned after every use. Choose pools with proper chlorination. Well-maintained pools with appropriate chlorine and pH levels significantly reduce the bacterial load in the water. Avoid pools that smell strongly of chlorine; paradoxically, this often indicates poorly maintained water chemistry rather than a clean pool. Avoid swimming with an active ear infection. If your child already has ear pain or discharge, keep them out of the water until they have been assessed and cleared by a paediatrician. Middle Ear Infections and Swimming Children who have grommets (ventilation tubes) in their eardrums require specific advice about swimming. Your ENT specialist or paediatrician will guide you on whether surface swimming and showering are safe, and whether deeper diving or submersion should be avoided. Do not rely on general advice for this group; individual guidance is essential. Children who are prone to recurrent middle ear infections may also find that heavy swimming exposure during summer exacerbates their symptoms. If your child has had three or more ear infections in a year, this pattern is worth discussing at your next paediatric appointment. Pool Hygiene: What Parents Need to Know Beyond ear infections, pool hygiene affects a child’s skin, eyes, and gut health. In Dubai’s summer heat, outdoor and indoor pools are heavily used, and the risks of exposure to waterborne bacteria and irritants increase accordingly. Skin and eyes. Chlorine and other pool chemicals can cause skin dryness, irritation, and contact dermatitis, particularly in children with sensitive skin or eczema. Rinse your child thoroughly with fresh water immediately after swimming, apply a gentle moisturiser, and ensure they wear well-fitted goggles to protect their eyes. For children with eczema, our article on paediatric eczema: triggers and management in the UAE climate covers how to manage flare-ups during heavy pool exposure. Waterborne illness. Swallowing pool water is a common route of infection for gastrointestinal illnesses caused by bacteria such as E. coli and parasites such as Cryptosporidium. These organisms can survive in chlorinated water, particularly in pools with suboptimal maintenance. Teach children not to swallow pool water, ensure they shower before entering the pool, and keep children with diarrhoea or gastroenteritis out of the water entirely until fully recovered. Sun exposure at the poolside. In Dubai summers, UV exposure at outdoor pools is extreme. Apply a broad-spectrum, water-resistant SPF 50 sunscreen at least twenty minutes before swimming, reapply every two hours, and ensure your child has access to shade, a hat, and protective clothing during breaks. Our article on how to protect your baby’s skin from the sun provides detailed guidance for younger children. Hydration: A Critical Factor Often Overlooked Children playing in and around water often do not feel thirsty; the cooling effect of water masks their body’s signals. In Dubai’s summer heat, this makes dehydration a real risk even at the pool. Ensure your child drinks water regularly throughout a swimming session, not just when they ask for it. Our article on the best ways to keep kids hydrated this summer is a practical guide for parents managing hydration during the UAE summer months. Beach Swimming Safety in Dubai Open water swimming in Dubai, whether at Jumeirah Beach, Kite Beach, or beach clubs along the coast, carries additional considerations. Always supervise children closely in open water, regardless of swimming ability. Observe warning flags and never allow children to swim when red flags are displayed. Jellyfish are present in UAE waters, particularly in summer. Teach children to avoid touching any jellyfish, dead or alive, and to report any contact immediately. Saltwater can also cause ear discomfort; the same drying principles apply after sea swimming as after pool swimming. When to See a Pediatrician See your paediatrician promptly if your child develops ear pain, discharge, or significant hearing change after swimming, if a skin rash, eye infection, or gastrointestinal symptoms develop following pool or beach exposure, or if your child develops a fever after a swimming session that does not resolve quickly. Our Paediatric Health and Wellness clinic sees children for swim-related ear, skin, and infection concerns throughout the year. Prompt

“Is my child growing normally?” is one of the questions paediatricians hear most often, and it is a completely understandable concern. Children grow at different rates and in different patterns, and it is not always easy to know what is typical. Growth charts exist to answer exactly this question, and knowing how to read them gives parents a much clearer picture of where their child stands. What Is a Growth Chart? A growth chart is a standardised tool used by paediatricians to plot a child’s height, weight, and head circumference against the measurements of thousands of children of the same age and sex. The result is a set of percentile curves that show where your child falls relative to the broader population. A child on the 50th percentile for height is exactly in the middle, taller than half of the children their age and shorter than the other half. A child on the 10th percentile is shorter than 90% of their peers. Neither is automatically a cause for concern; what matters most is the pattern of growth over time, not any single measurement. The charts most widely used in international paediatric practice are the WHO Child Growth Standards for children aged zero to five and the WHO or CDC reference charts for children aged five and above. What Is Considered Normal Growth? Normal growth varies significantly by age. As a general guide: In the first year of life, growth is rapid; most babies triple their birth weight and grow approximately 25cm in length. From age one to two, growth slows to around 10–12cm per year. From age two to puberty, children typically grow 5–7cm per year in a relatively steady pattern. During puberty, a growth spurt occurs earlier in girls (typically ages ten to twelve) and later in boys (typically ages twelve to fourteen). A child who consistently follows their own percentile curve, even if it is the 5th or the 95th, is generally growing normally. What prompts concern is when a child crosses two or more percentile lines downward over time, stops growing for an extended period, or shows a pattern of growth that diverges significantly from expectations. Factors That Influence Your Child’s Height Genetics is the strongest predictor of a child’s final height. A useful calculation for estimating a child’s genetic height potential is mid-parental height: add both parents’ heights together, add 13cm for boys or subtract 13cm for girls, then divide by two. This gives a target range, plus or minus approximately 8.5cm. Nutrition plays a direct role; children who do not receive adequate calories, protein, and key micronutrients, including zinc and calcium, may experience growth faltering. In the UAE, where dietary habits vary widely, nutritional assessment is an important part of any growth evaluation. Sleep is when the majority of growth hormone is released. Consistent, quality sleep is not just important for behaviour and cognition; it is essential for physical growth. Our article on tips for parents to improve children’s sleep quality covers the practical steps that make a real difference. Chronic illness affecting the gut, kidneys, or immune system can impair growth if unmanaged. Hormonal conditions such as growth hormone deficiency or hypothyroidism are less common but important to rule out when growth is a concern. For guidance on thyroid conditions in children, our article on how to know if your child has hypothyroidism is a helpful reference. Short Stature: When to Be Concerned Short stature is defined medically as a height below the 3rd percentile for age and sex, or more than two standard deviations below the mean. Short stature alone is not a diagnosis; it is a finding that requires interpretation in context. The most common causes of short stature are entirely benign: familial short stature (short parents), or constitutional delay of growth and puberty (a pattern where growth and puberty are delayed but ultimately normal, the child is a “late bloomer”). Both are normal variants, not medical conditions. However, short stature warrants investigation when it is accompanied by a slow growth velocity, falls well below the child’s genetic target range, is associated with other symptoms such as fatigue, poor appetite, or swelling, or when a child is significantly shorter than expected based on parental heights. Tall Stature: Is It Ever a Concern? In most cases, a tall child simply has tall parents. Tall stature becomes a medical concern when it is extreme, when growth is accelerating rather than following a steady curve, or when signs of early puberty or other physical changes accompany it. The Role of Regular Paediatric Check-Ups Growth cannot be properly assessed from a single measurement; it requires tracking over time. This is why regular paediatric check-ups are so important from infancy onwards. At each visit, height and weight are plotted on the growth chart, and your paediatrician reviews the trajectory alongside development, nutrition, and overall health. Our Paediatric Health and Wellness service includes routine growth monitoring as a core part of every child’s health review. If you have not yet established a regular check-up routine for your child, our article on the importance of regular paediatrician check-ups for children explains why it matters at every age. For premature babies and high-risk infants, growth monitoring requires additional nuance; corrected age must be used when plotting measurements in the first two years. Our High-Risk Infant Follow-Up Clinic is specifically designed to support these families with specialist growth and developmental monitoring. Conclusion Growth concerns are worth taking seriously, but they are also very often entirely reassuring once properly assessed. A growth chart review with your pediatrician takes minutes and gives you the clarity and confidence every parent deserves.